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<title>Apiomorpha</title>

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Apiomorpha

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Apiomorpha

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Apiomorpha conica galls of 3 adult females.

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Sternorrhyncha" title="Sternorrhyncha">Sternorrhyncha</a>

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<td>Superfamily:

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<td><a href="Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">Coccoidea</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Eriococcidae" title="Eriococcidae">Eriococcidae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td> Rübsaamen

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">species

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See text

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Apiomorpha is a genus of <a href="Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insect</a> that induces <a href="Galls" class="mw-redirect" title="Galls">galls</a> on species of <a href="Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a>. Galls are initiated by first-<a href="Instar" title="Instar">instar</a> <a href="Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphs</a> (crawlers) on new plant growth and, when mature, the galls exhibit marked <a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>. Those induced by females are among the largest and most spectacular of <a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a>-induced galls whereas those of males are small and most are tubular.<a href="#cite_note-PJG84-1">[1]</a> Apiomorpha is known only from Australia and New Guinea although its host, Eucalyptus, has a wider distribution into Indonesia as well.

Apiomorpha is currently classified in the <a href="Eriococcidae" title="Eriococcidae">Eriococcidae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> but this family is not <a href="Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div>

Like other scale insects, Apiomorpha is highly <a href="Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PJG84-1">[1]</a> Adult females are wingless, have very small (or no) eyes, and their legs are short and stubby. A female remains within the gall she initiated when a crawler, mating through the small apical opening of her gall. She reproduces inside the gall and her tiny offspring (≤ 0.4 mm) escape through the same small opening. Adult females of Apiomorpha can range in length from 2 mm to 45 mm, depending on species, and can live up to five years as adults.<a href="#cite_note-long-4">[4]</a> In contrast, adult males of Apiomorpha are small (about 1 mm in length) and winged. Like males of other <a href="Eriococcidae" title="Eriococcidae">eriococcids</a>, they do not have a mouth and, instead, have an extra pair of eyes on the underside of their head (i.e., they have four eyes, two on top and two underneath). Males leave their galls as adults and search for females. They are weak fliers and typically walk on their host plant looking for females before taking to the air. After leaving their gall, adult males only live about one day.<a href="#cite_note-long-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Apiomorpha amarooensis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha annulata</li>

<li>Apiomorpha attenuata</li>

<li>Apiomorpha baeuerleni</li>

<li>Apiomorpha calycina</li>

<li>Apiomorpha conica</li>

<li>Apiomorpha cucurbita</li>

<li>Apiomorpha densispinosa<a href="#cite_note-PJG84-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha dipsaciformis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha duplex</li>

<li>Apiomorpha excupula</li>

<li>Apiomorpha floralis<a href="#cite_note-Froggatt1898-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills2017-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha frenchi</li>

<li>Apiomorpha gongylocarpae<a href="#cite_note-Mills2016-7">[7]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha gullanae<a href="#cite_note-Cook2003-8">[8]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha helmsii</li>

<li>Apiomorpha hilli</li>

<li>Apiomorpha intermedia<a href="#cite_note-PJG84-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha jucundacrispi<a href="#cite_note-Mills2016-7">[7]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha karschi</li>

<li>Apiomorpha longiloba</li>

<li>Apiomorpha macqueeni</li>

<li>Apiomorpha maliformis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha malleeacola<a href="#cite_note-PJG84-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha munita</li>

<li>Apiomorpha nookara<a href="#cite_note-Mills2001-9">[9]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha ovicola <a href="#cite_note-Schrader1863-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills2017-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha ovicoloides</li>

<li>Apiomorpha pedunculata</li>

<li>Apiomorpha pharetrata</li>

<li>Apiomorpha pileata (type species)</li>

<li>Apiomorpha pomaphora<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha regularis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha rosaeformis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha sessilis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha sloanei</li>

<li>Apiomorpha spinifer</li>

<li>Apiomorpha strombylosa</li>

<li>Apiomorpha subconica</li>

<li>Apiomorpha tepperi<a href="#cite_note-PJG84-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>Apiomorpha thorntoni</li>

<li>Apiomorpha urnalis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha variabilis</li>

<li>Apiomorpha withersi</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-PJG84-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PJG84_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PJG84_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PJG84_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PJG84_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PJG84_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PJG84_1-5">f</a> Gullan, P.J. 1984. A revision of the gall-forming coccoid genus Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Homoptera: Eriococcidae: Apiomorphinae). Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 97:1-203. doi:10.1071/AJZS097

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm">Miller, D. & Ben-Dov, Y. 2005. ScaleNet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404165159/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm">Archived</a> 2013-04-04 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLyn_G_CookPenny_J_GullanHolly_E_Trueman2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Lyn_G._Cook" title="Lyn G. Cook">Lyn G Cook</a>; Penny J Gullan; Holly E Trueman (1 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucanr.org/sites/entomology/files/149982.pdf">"A preliminary phylogeny of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) based on nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA"</a> (PDF). <a href="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a>. 25 (1): 43–52. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900248-8">10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00248-8</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903">1055-7903</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12383749">12383749</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52599872" class="extiw external" title="d:Q52599872">Q52599872</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-long-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-long_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long_4-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFCook,_L._G._and_P._J._Gullan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, L. G. and P. J. Gullan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236040752">"Longevity and reproduction in Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)"</a>. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e Bachicoltura. 33: 259–265.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Froggatt1898-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Froggatt1898_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFroggatt1898" class="citation journal cs1">Froggatt, W. W. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2909294">"Notes on the subfamily Brachyscelinae, with descriptions of new species. Part V."</a> Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 23: 370–379. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1839-7263">1839-7263</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Mills2017-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills2017_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills2017_6-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPenelope_J._MillsPenny_J._GullanLyn_G._Cook2017" class="citation journal cs1">Penelope J. Mills; Penny J. Gullan; <a href="Lyn_G._Cook" title="Lyn G. Cook">Lyn G. Cook</a> (7 April 2017). "Nomenclatural changes in the Australasian gall-inducing genus Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae)". <a href="Zootaxa" title="Zootaxa">Zootaxa</a>. 4250 (5): 484–488. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2FZOOTAXA.4250.5.6">10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4250.5.6</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334">1175-5334</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28610004">28610004</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29390869" class="extiw external" title="d:Q29390869">Q29390869</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mills2016-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills2016_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills2016_7-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPenelope_J._MillsThomas_L._SempleKathleen_L._S._GarlandLyn_G._Cook2016" class="citation journal cs1">Penelope J. Mills; Thomas L. Semple; Kathleen L. S. Garland; <a href="Lyn_G._Cook" title="Lyn G. Cook">Lyn G. Cook</a> (2016). "Two recently discovered species of Apiomorpha (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) feeding on eudesmid eucalypts in Western Australia reaffirm host conservatism in this gall-inducing scale insect genus". Invertebrate Systematics. 30 (3): 255. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FIS15039">10.1071/IS15039</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1445-5226">1445-5226</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65923937" class="extiw external" title="d:Q65923937">Q65923937</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Cook2003-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook2003_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLyn_G_Cook2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Lyn_G._Cook" title="Lyn G. Cook">Lyn G Cook</a> (November 2003). "Apiomorpha gullanae sp. n., an unusual new species of gall-inducing scale insect (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae)". <a href="Austral_Entomology" title="Austral Entomology">Austral Entomology</a>. 42 (4): 327–333. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2FJ.1440-6055.2003.00370.X">10.1046/J.1440-6055.2003.00370.X</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1326-6756">1326-6756</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67239966" class="extiw external" title="d:Q67239966">Q67239966</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mills2001-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Mills2001_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPENELOPE_J._MILLSMELANIE_L._MACDONALDLISA_M._RIGBYLYN_G._COOK2011" class="citation journal cs1">PENELOPE J. MILLS; MELANIE L. MACDONALD; LISA M. RIGBY; <a href="Lyn_G._Cook" title="Lyn G. Cook">LYN G. COOK</a> (8 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/viewFile/47681/41226">"A recently discovered species of Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) with unusual gall morphology"</a>. <a href="Zootaxa" title="Zootaxa">Zootaxa</a>. 3093 (1): 55–63. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2FZOOTAXA.3093.1.4">10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3093.1.4</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334">1175-5334</a>. <a href="WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97569495" class="extiw external" title="d:Q97569495">Q97569495</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Schrader1863-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Schrader1863_10-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchrader1863" class="citation journal cs1">Schrader, H. L. (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9949584">"Observations on certain gall-making Coccidae of Australia"</a>. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales. 1: 1–6. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1321-6244">1321-6244</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Gullan P.J. & Jones M.G. (1989). A new species of gall-forming coccoid (Insecta: Homoptera: Eriococcidae) from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum. 14, 321-329.

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2468" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Apiomorpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10415647" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q10415647">Q10415647</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apiomorpha" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Apiomorpha">Apiomorpha</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Apiomorpha">Apiomorpha</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/542278">542278</a></li>

<li><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1030648">1030648</a></li>

<li><a href="Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8219E7C0-AD11-BD7E-FDF1-22EB09203E54">8219E7C0-AD11-BD7E-FDF1-22EB09203E54</a></li>

<li>ScaleNet: <a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=6516&url_prefix=http://scalenet.info/catalogue/&url_suffix=/&id=Apiomorpha">Apiomorpha</a></li>

<li><a href="ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/965AD819-15BE-4998-82CC-52E0721DEBD8">965AD819-15BE-4998-82CC-52E0721DEBD8</a></li></ul>

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